Sesame allergy

By Symon, Every Label · June 30, 2026

Sesame allergy is an immune reaction to the proteins in sesame seed, Sesamum indicum, and it is one of the more common and more severe seed allergies, now treated as a major allergen in the US, the EU, the UK, Canada, and Australia and New Zealand. In plain terms: your child’s immune system reads certain sesame proteins as a threat, and a reaction can run from hives to a whole-body allergic reaction that affects breathing and blood pressure, called anaphylaxis. It is a true allergy, not a sensitivity or an intolerance. About 0.23 percent of people in the US report a current sesame allergy (Warren 2019), and in regions where sesame is a dietary staple, such as Israel and parts of the Middle East and Asia, it is among the leading causes of severe allergic reactions in young children (Dalal 2002). Sesame is rarely outgrown compared with milk or egg, and it often shows up at an early known exposure to tahini or a sesame-containing food.

If your child was just diagnosed, read this first.

This page is long on purpose. It is also the page you will come back to for years. You do not need all of it today. This week, this is what matters:

• Carry epinephrine everywhere your child goes if your allergist has prescribed it, and learn the few signs that mean use it now. That is the section to read tonight (Emergency preparedness, below). If you do not have the prescription yet, that is the first call to your allergist or pediatrician.
• Read every label, every time, and know the catch: sesame is the newest major US allergen, and since the 2023 labeling rule some companies began adding sesame to products on purpose rather than keeping it out, so a “contains sesame” line can show up on a product that used to be safe (Reading labels, below). The hiding places to learn are tahini, halva, hummus, za’atar, and the seeds on buns and bagels (Hidden sources, below).
• Sesame’s cross-reactions are mostly a paper finding, not a plate finding. A panel may light up for other seeds and nuts without those foods actually causing reactions, so each one is a separate question for your allergist, not an automatic yes or no (Cross-reactivity, below).
• You do not have to understand the protein science to keep your child safe. The components and the test names are for unhurried conversations with your allergist.
• Ask your allergist about the one high-value test by name: Ses i 1. And know that a negative routine sesame test does not rule sesame out when the reaction history is convincing (Components, below).

Everything else here is waiting for you, in roughly the order the questions tend to come up. Read it when you want it.

Where a fact below is clinical, it carries its source. None of it is a substitute for your allergist.

What sesame allergy is, and who has it

Sesame allergy is an IgE-mediated immediate-type food allergy, and in that form it is anaphylaxis-capable, which is the reason for everything practical on this page: the auto-injector, the label habit, the written plan (EAACI 2023). When your child eats sesame, IgE antibodies on their immune cells latch onto the sesame proteins and trigger a release of histamine and other chemicals within minutes. That release is the reaction.

Sesame is a seed, not a nut, though it sits near the nuts in how it behaves: its main allergens are heat-stable seed-storage proteins, so roasting and cooking do not reliably defuse it (Adatia 2017). That is different from some foods where cooking helps, and it is why a toasted sesame bun or a roasted-sesame dressing is not safer than raw seed.

In the US, about 0.23 percent of people report a current sesame allergy, with roughly 0.17 percent meeting stricter symptom criteria (Warren 2019, a secondary analysis of nationally representative surveys; these are self-reported figures, not challenge-confirmed). The burden is much higher in populations with heavy dietary sesame: in Israel, sesame is one of the leading causes of severe IgE-mediated reactions in infants and young children (Dalal 2002). Onset is usually in early childhood, often within the first few years of life and frequently at an early known exposure to tahini or a sesame food, so the absence of a previous reaction does not mean a child is in the clear.

Diagnosis combines your child’s history with testing, and for sesame the testing has one high-value move worth knowing about, plus one important trap. The next section is both.

The components that drive severity

Sesame is not one thing to the immune system. It is a handful of proteins, and which one your child reacts to changes how serious the allergy tends to be. For sesame there is one marker that carries most of the weight, and there is also a trap worth knowing: a normal sesame test can come back negative and still miss the allergy.

A standard sesame test (the skin prick, or the basic blood test to whole sesame) only tells you the immune system has noticed sesame at all, and for sesame it over-calls: a positive whole-sesame test in a child who actually tolerates sesame is common, so a positive result alone is supportive, not a diagnosis (EAACI 2023). A more detailed test, component testing, breaks that down protein by protein. For sesame the protein that matters most is the one your allergist calls Ses i 1. It is the marker that best separates the serious, whole-body kind of sesame allergy from the milder, often mouth-only kind, and asking for it by name is the highest-value testing move (Maruyama 2016).

Here is the trap, and it matters. Some severe sesame allergy is driven by proteins called oleosins (Ses i 4 and Ses i 5) that routine blood tests under-detect because of how those proteins behave in the lab. So a child with a convincing severe reaction history can have a negative whole-sesame test and even a negative Ses i 1 and still be genuinely sesame-allergic (Leduc 2006). A negative routine test does not rule sesame out when the history is convincing. In that situation the supervised food challenge, not the blood test, is the arbiter.

So the high-value move is simple: ask your allergist to measure Ses i 1-specific IgE, not just whole-sesame IgE, and ask what the result means for severity and outgrowing, and tell them plainly if the reaction history was severe even when a test was negative. You do not need to learn the protein names yourself. They are below.

Cross-reactivity, real and reassuring

For sesame this section is mostly reassuring in shape but in a specific way: most of what lights up on a test panel is co-sensitization, not a food that will actually cause a reaction, so the honest lead is “the panel looks scarier than the plate, and each food is a separate question.” There is one genuine seed cross-reaction to know, and a set of reassurances that are real in direction but not yet something this page will hand you as cleared.

Poppy seed is the one genuine seed cross-reaction. Sesame and poppy seed can cross-react in seed-allergic people. This is a caution, not a reassurance: treat poppy seed as a question to test with your allergist, not a seed to assume is safe. Poppy hides as a topping and as a ground filling in cakes and pastries, where ground poppy in particular has been linked to more severe reactions.

Tree nuts and peanut: mostly a co-occurrence question, not a true cross-reaction. Sesame shares a protein family (the 2S albumins) with peanut, tree nuts, and mustard, so a sesame-allergic child’s test panel may light up for some of them. For most children that overlap is co-sensitization, which means the test is positive but the food does not actually cause a reaction. That is genuinely reassuring in direction, but whether your particular child can eat peanut, a given tree nut, or mustard is a separate allergist question answered food by food, not something this page can clear with a blanket “you can eat the rest.” Each is tested or challenged on its own.

Sunflower and the other seeds. Sunflower seed overlaps with sesame on testing more than the diet usually bears out, but sunflower is also a real allergen in its own right and turns up as SunButter in nut-free products, so a “sesame-allergic kids can eat sunflower” reassurance is not something this page will assert; it is a question for your allergist. Mustard is the other seed-adjacent allergen that shares the 2S-albumin family with sesame and is worth naming to your allergist if it is part of your diet.

The short version: for sesame the test panel often looks broader than the actual diet needs to be, which is good news, but the way to use that good news is to test the specific foods, not to assume them. Poppy is the one to treat as a real cross-reaction.

Hidden sources

Hidden sources are the part of sesame allergy that does the most day-to-day work, more than the components or the cross-reactivity, because sesame is the base of a long list of Middle Eastern and East Asian foods and it is frequently unlabeled in restaurants and bulk settings even when it is a primary ingredient. These are worth a careful one-time read now; after that you will spot them on your own. For the full label-scanning guide, see where sesame hides.

Tahini and tahini-built foods. Tahini is sesame paste, and it is the canonical concealed source. It is the base of hummus, it is in halva and halvah, and it is the creamy element in many dressings and sauces (Adatia 2017). If a food is creamy and Middle Eastern and you are not sure why, suspect tahini.

Spice, seed, and seasoning blends. Za’atar (a sesame-and-herb blend), dukkah (a nut-and-seed blend), gomashio (also called benne, toasted sesame and salt), and everything-bagel seasoning all carry sesame, often without an obvious allergen flag on a counter or bulk product.

Seeds you can see, and seeds you cannot. Sesame seeds on hamburger buns, bagels, and breads are the visible kind; the harder kind is sesame baked into the dough or used as a flour, and Asian dressings, sauces, and stir-fries where sesame is a primary flavor.

Sesame oil, with an important refining distinction. Unrefined, cold-pressed, and toasted sesame oil retain allergenic protein and are not assumed safe; fully refined sesame oil is largely protein-depleted and reactions to it are uncommon, but it is not a guaranteed zero. The refining process, not the seed, decides how much protein is left. When in doubt, treat unrefined or toasted sesame oil as a sesame source.

The labeling catch that makes this list longer, not shorter. Since the 2023 US rule that made sesame a major allergen, some manufacturers responded not by keeping sesame out of their products but by deliberately adding sesame and labeling for it, because adding-and-declaring was easier to comply with than preventing cross-contact. The practical effect is that more packaged products now contain declared sesame, including some that used to be safe. A “contains sesame” line on a product you used to trust may be a new deliberate addition, so a previously-safe product is worth re-reading. This is covered again in Reading labels because it is the single most counterintuitive sesame fact.

Where the label will not help: restaurants and bulk. US packaged foods must declare sesame now, but restaurant dishes, bakery-counter items, and bulk bins are the gap where sesame stays unlabeled. A chef card and a direct question do more there than the label does.

How exposure actually happens

The routes parents fear most are usually not the ones that cause serious reactions. Eating sesame is. The rest are lower-risk than they feel.

Eating it (high). Swallowing sesame protein is the route that causes whole-body reactions. Everything else is far behind it. Cooking does not help: sesame’s main proteins are heat-stable, so roasted, toasted, or baked sesame stays allergenic.

Skin contact (low, higher with broken or eczematous skin). Sesame on intact skin usually causes at most a local reaction; the exception is broken or eczematous skin, where the risk is meaningfully higher, the same dual-exposure logic that operates for other potent food allergens.

Breathing it in (low). Sesame is not volatile the way some cooking aerosols are, so ambient exposure is low-risk in ordinary settings. Cooking vapor is likewise low-risk in a normal kitchen.

The dominant message for sesame is that the route to manage is the mouth: the seed, the paste, the oil, the hidden ingredient. The label habit and the chef card carry most of the protection, not isolating your child from rooms where sesame is present.

Reading labels

This is the habit that does the most day-to-day work, and for sesame it comes with a catch that no other allergen has in quite the same way. The words to scan for are sesame, sesame seed, sesame oil, tahini, tahina, benne, gomashio, sesamol, halva, and za’atar. In the US, sesame must now be declared in plain language on packaged foods, and the EU, UK, Canada, and Australia and New Zealand all require sesame declaration (EU 1169).

Here is the catch, and it is worth saying plainly. Sesame became the ninth major US allergen under the FASTER Act, with mandatory plain-language declaration effective January 1, 2023. A documented and frustrating consequence is that some manufacturers responded by intentionally adding sesame to products and declaring it, rather than doing the work to keep sesame out, because adding-and-labeling was the cheaper path to compliance. The practical result is that more products now contain sesame than before the rule, and a product your family safely used for years can quietly become a sesame-containing product. So two label habits matter for sesame specifically: read every label every time, and re-read products you have trusted before, because a “contains sesame” line may be a new addition. Older products and recipes from before 2023 are also a vigilance surface, because sesame could once be concealed under collective terms like “natural flavoring” or “spices.”

A few terms are signals to slow down: any unrefined or toasted sesame oil (it retains protein), tahini in anything creamy, and za’atar or everything-blend seasonings. When a term is unclear and the manufacturer will not say, treat it as a reason to call the company, not a reason to assume it is safe.

Then there are the precautionary labels: “may contain sesame,” “made in a facility that processes sesame.” These are voluntary and unregulated, so they are not a reliable measure of how much risk is actually present, and for sesame specifically a “may contain” line may also reflect the deliberate-addition pattern above rather than trace cross-contact, which is worth verifying. How strictly you treat them is a personal call along a spectrum, weighing a real but variable risk against ruling out a large share of the grocery store. This page will not pick that threshold for you.

Severity, and what predicts a bad reaction

The strongest population-level predictors of a severe sesame reaction are sensitization to the 2S albumins Ses i 1 and Ses i 2, and, on the under-detected axis, the oleosins Ses i 4 and Ses i 5 (Maruyama 2016, Leduc 2006). A history of a previous severe reaction is the next strongest input. Sesame has no single cofactor syndrome of the kind some plant foods have, though general cofactors such as exercise, NSAIDs, alcohol, and infection can lower the reaction threshold on a given day, most relevant in the nsLTP-driven picture.

Here is the part that justifies always carrying epinephrine when your allergist has prescribed it. The size of the last reaction does not reliably predict the next one, and a convincing severe history with a negative routine test can still be true sesame allergy driven by the oleosins. A child whose only reaction so far was mild can still have a worse one next time. That is not a reason to live in fear; it is the single reason the auto-injector travels with the child.

Emergency preparedness

Sesame anaphylaxis is treated epinephrine-first. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for a severe reaction, not an antihistamine and not a wait-and-see. If you see anaphylaxis, you give epinephrine and then you call emergency services.

The signs that mean epinephrine now include any two body systems reacting at once (for example hives plus vomiting), or any single severe sign on its own: trouble breathing, throat tightness, a hoarse or weak cry, repetitive coughing, pale or floppy appearance, or a sense of impending doom in a child old enough to say so. When you are unsure, the guidance is to give epinephrine, because the danger of withholding it in a true reaction is far greater than the danger of giving it when it turns out you did not need to.

After giving epinephrine, call emergency services and lay the child down with legs raised, unless breathing is the main problem, in which case let them sit up. A second dose may be needed if there is no improvement in about five minutes, especially if the reaction progresses to low blood pressure, airway trouble, or a second wave hours later. Every sesame-allergic child should have a written anaphylaxis action plan and the epinephrine auto-injectors their allergist prescribes, going everywhere the child goes.

This section is general. Your child’s own plan is the specific one, and it is the one to follow.

When you can’t tell what’s happening

The hardest moments are usually not the clear reactions. They are the ambiguous ones. A flushed cheek after a new food. A single cough. A child who says their tummy hurts an hour after a snack you did not pack at a party full of hummus and seeded breads. Telling the start of a reaction apart from an ordinary toddler complaint is genuinely hard, and it does not resolve cleanly from across the room.

The posture that works is to treat the spectrum, not to diagnose it in the moment. Know your action plan’s override signs cold, watch whether more than one body system is involved rather than fixating on a single symptom, and accept that you will sometimes give epinephrine or call the allergist for something that turns out to be nothing. That is the system working the way it is supposed to.

The competence here builds slowly, over many ambiguous afternoons. It shows up as a shorter pause before you act.

Treatment options

Strict avoidance is the floor, and for sesame the floor is most of the floor, because the treatment landscape is thin. Avoidance plus a written action plan plus the epinephrine your allergist prescribes is the standing setup for a sesame-allergic child (EAACI 2023).

Sesame is different from peanut in one important way: there is no FDA-approved sesame treatment. There is no sesame version of Palforzia, and there is no licensed sesame-OIT product. What exists is investigational.

Sesame oral immunotherapy (investigational, not approved). Sesame OIT feeds measured, slowly increasing doses of sesame protein under medical supervision to train the body toward tolerance. Single-center and early-phase experience has been reported, but sesame OIT is not standard of care, the published evidence base is limited, there is no regulatory approval, and availability is center-dependent (Nachshon 2019). It is named here as an investigational option a family may encounter, not a recommended pathway, and because it is not an approved product this page does not name a starting dose. Whether it is appropriate for any one child is a conversation with a specialist allergist along that investigational spectrum.

The broader pipeline. No sesame-specific biologic or skin-patch therapy is approved. Anti-IgE therapy (omalizumab) is FDA-approved for IgE-mediated food allergy generally and could in principle apply to a multi-food-allergic child including sesame, but there is no sesame-specific approval. The landscape is tracked, not prescribed.

Not medical advice. Whether to treat at all, and how, is a conversation with your allergist.

Day-to-day living

School and day care. A sesame-allergic child needs a written plan on file, epinephrine truly accessible, trained staff, and a clear routine for snacks, classroom parties, baking projects, and substitute teachers. In US public schools, a 504 plan is the usual way to put that in writing. Flag the seeded foods specifically: buns, bagels, crackers, and hummus snacks are common classroom items.

Restaurants. The risk is hidden sesame more than the obvious menu item. Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and East and Southeast Asian spots carry higher sesame risk (tahini, hummus, za’atar, sesame oil and dressings), as do bakeries and anywhere with seeded breads. A chef card that names sesame and asks specifically about tahini and sesame oil does more than a verbal order across a loud kitchen.

Travel. Bring more epinephrine than you think you need, carry food you trust, and look up pharmacies and emergency numbers before you land. Sesame is heavily used in Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and Asian cuisines, so confirm local dishes carefully and assume tahini and sesame oil are common.

Holidays and gatherings. Hummus and dip platters, halva and sesame sweets, seeded party breads and crackers, and Asian dishes with sesame oil are the sesame-dense settings. Bringing your child’s own food and being plain with hosts beats hoping a buffet is safe.

Prognosis and outgrowing

Sesame is among the more persistent food allergies. Roughly 20 to 30 percent of sesame-allergic children are reported to outgrow it, predominantly in childhood, which is lower than the milk or egg rates and closer to the persistent seed and nut allergies; cohort estimates vary and there is no single settled figure (Cohen 2007). A declining sesame (or Ses i 1) specific IgE over serial testing is the directional favorable sign, while a high or rising level and a strong 2S-albumin profile favor persistence; these are directional indicators, not validated quantitative predictors for sesame specifically.

Reassessment cadence is individualized, commonly every one to a few years depending on history, more often for a younger child with a milder history and less aggressively after a severe reaction. The one definitive test of outgrowing it is a supervised oral food challenge; falling numbers are encouraging but supportive, not proof, and reintroducing sesame at home on the strength of a falling number is not the move.

Questions for your allergist

You do not have to walk in knowing the science. You have to walk in with the right questions, and these are them.

1. What is my child’s Ses i 1-specific IgE value, not just whole-sesame IgE, and what does its level and trend mean for severity and for outgrowing?
2. My child had a convincing reaction but a test came back negative. Could this be the oleosin kind of sesame allergy that routine tests miss, and what should we do about that?
3. Which hidden sesame sources (tahini, hummus, halva, za’atar, sesame oil, seeded breads) matter most for how we actually eat, and how do I handle unrefined versus refined sesame oil?
4. Since the FASTER Act named sesame in 2023, how do I tell a “may contain sesame” label that means trace cross-contact from one where the manufacturer deliberately added sesame, and does that change which products we avoid?
5. Should we treat poppy seed, sunflower, or mustard as questions to test, given that they can show up on my child’s panel?
6. Is my child a candidate for sesame oral immunotherapy given that it is investigational and not FDA-approved, and what are the trade-offs for us specifically?
7. When and how should we reassess to see if the allergy is resolving, and when is a supervised challenge appropriate?
8. What will epinephrine, and any treatment we are considering, actually cost us, and what does our insurance cover?

The frame: how to hold this

There are two worlds, and a severe food allergy moves a family from one into the other. In the recoverable world, a mistake is a lesson. A forgotten jacket is a cold afternoon. In the irrecoverable world, one wrong protein is not a lesson, because the cost of the error can be the child. When someone tells an allergy parent to relax, they are speaking from the first world to someone who has had to move to the second. They think the parent is anxious. The parent is not anxious. The parent is calibrated.

The work, then, is to sort what is on your side of the line from what is not. On your side: the labels you read and re-read, the Ses i 1 test you ask for, the convincing history you refuse to let a negative test overrule, the epinephrine that travels with the child, the chef card that names tahini and sesame oil, the plan on file at school. Not on your side: the manufacturer who added sesame to a product you trusted and labeled it in eight-point type, the kitchen that thickens a sauce with tahini and does not say so, the relative who thinks one bite is kindness. You do the things on your side fully, and you stop apologizing for them. And you hold, without pretending otherwise, that the other side is real and partly random, and that a stacked defense reduces the risk without ever closing the gap to zero.

Sesame carries a particular sting because the rule that was supposed to make it safer also made it more common on labels, which can feel like the ground shifting under you. That is real. It is also exactly the kind of thing the label habit is built for. This page does not promise safety. It lays out the layers and names the gap, and it leaves the calibration to you and your allergist, who actually know your child.

Voices: living with sesame allergy

Attributed lived experience, kept separate from the clinical facts above. These are individual accounts, not medical guidance, and they carry no clinical claim the page above has not already made.

A Calgary mother recounts her son being diagnosed with a potentially life-threatening sesame allergy at age one. She had first been relieved it was not peanut and wondered how serious a sesame allergy could be, then found sesame was present everywhere: in friends’ lunches, in restaurants, and a reason to think twice about travel to regions where it is a staple.

Source: Janice Paskey, Allergic Living, 2010. https://www.allergicliving.com/2010/08/27/an-allergy-moms-lament-for-sesame-seeds/ One parent’s experience, not medical guidance.

A mother of a son with sesame and other life-threatening allergies welcomed the FASTER Act becoming law, saying she would no longer have to live in fear that her children could accidentally eat something unlabeled that could harm them. In congressional testimony she had named her greatest fear as an accidental sesame exposure.

Source: Talia Day, Food Allergy Research and Education (FoodAllergy.org), 2021. https://www.foodallergy.org/media-room/stroke-president-bidens-pen-faster-act-sesame-labeling-becomes-law One parent’s experience, not medical guidance.

A retrospective review of pediatric patients in sesame oral immunotherapy reported that validated food-allergy quality-of-life scores improved, with food-related anxiety and social and dietary limitation easing over the course of treatment.

Source: You, Soffer and Factor, Journal of Food Allergy, 2022. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11250642/ This describes an oral immunotherapy dosing program: one set of patients’ clinical experience, not guidance. Do not start sesame OIT or any reintroduction without your allergist.

Related pages on this site

• Where sesame hides: the full label-reading guide and the FASTER-Act labeling catch
• Sesame cross-reactivity: poppy, sunflower, mustard, and the co-sensitization panel
• Refined versus unrefined sesame oil, what is actually safe
• Building a sesame-allergy 504 plan
• Restaurants with a sesame-allergic child

The companion pages without a link are being written and will be linked here as each one goes live.

Frequently asked questions

Why is sesame suddenly on so many more labels?

Because of how the labeling rule played out. Sesame became the ninth major US allergen in 2023, and instead of keeping sesame out of their products, some manufacturers chose to add it deliberately and label for it, which was the cheaper way to comply. So more packaged products now contain declared sesame, including some that used to be safe. Re-read the labels of products you have trusted before (see Reading labels).

Where does sesame hide?

Mostly in tahini and tahini-built foods. Tahini is sesame paste and it is the base of hummus, halva, and many dressings and sauces. Sesame is also in za’atar, dukkah, gomashio, everything-bagel seasoning, seeded breads and buns, and unrefined or toasted sesame oil (see Hidden sources).

Can my sesame-allergic child eat tree nuts or peanut?

That is a separate question for your allergist, not an automatic yes or no. Sesame shares a protein family with nuts, so a test panel may light up for them, but for most children that overlap is co-sensitization, meaning the test is positive without the food actually causing a reaction. Each food is tested or challenged on its own (see Cross-reactivity).

Does roasting or cooking make sesame safe?

No. Sesame’s main proteins are heat-stable and digestion-stable, so roasting, toasting, and baking do not make sesame safe for a sesame-allergic child (Adatia 2017). A toasted sesame bun is not safer than raw seed.

Will my child outgrow sesame allergy?

Possibly, but it is less likely than for milk or egg. Roughly 20 to 30 percent of children outgrow sesame, predominantly in childhood, and cohort estimates vary (Cohen 2007). A falling sesame (or Ses i 1) level over serial testing is the encouraging sign, confirmed by a supervised challenge, never by trying sesame at home on a guess (see Prognosis and outgrowing).

Is there a treatment for sesame allergy?

There is no FDA-approved sesame treatment. Sesame oral immunotherapy is investigational and offered only in specialist settings, and there is no licensed sesame-OIT product. It is a conversation with a specialist allergist, not a self-directed step (see Treatment options).

References and medical review

This page is pending independent medical review; the note at the top of the page applies until a reviewer is assigned. The references below resolve every in-body citation. The poppy-seed cross-reaction is drawn from the verified cross-reactivity floor; the tree-nut, peanut, mustard, and sunflower co-sensitization shape and the hidden-source list are drawn from the project’s sesame research.

1. Warren CM, Chadha AS, Sicherer SH, Jiang J, Gupta RS. Prevalence and Severity of Sesame Allergy in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(8):e199144. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.9144
2. Dalal I, Binson I, Reifen R, et al. Food allergy is a matter of geography after all: sesame as a major cause of severe IgE-mediated food allergic reactions among infants and young children in Israel. Allergy. 2002;57(4):362-365. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.1s3412.x
3. Adatia A, Clarke AE, Yanishevsky Y, Ben-Shoshan M. Sesame allergy: current perspectives. J Asthma Allergy. 2017;10:141-151. https://doi.org/10.2147/JAA.S113612
4. Maruyama N, Nakagawa T, Ito K, et al. Measurement of specific IgE antibodies to Ses i 1 improves the diagnosis of sesame allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46(1):163-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12626
5. Leduc V, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Tzen JTC, Morisset M, Guerin L, Kanny G. Identification of oleosins as major allergens in sesame seed allergic patients. Allergy. 2006;61(3):349-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01013.x
6. Nachshon L, Goldberg MR, Levy MB, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Sesame Oral Immunotherapy: A Real-World, Single-Center Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(8):2775-2781.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.031
7. Cohen A, Goldberg M, Levy B, Leshno M, Katz Y. Sesame food allergy and sensitization in children: the natural history and long-term follow-up. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18(3):217-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00506.x
8. Santos AF, Riggioni C, Agache I, et al. EAACI guidelines on the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy. Allergy. 2023;78(12):3057-3076. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15902
9. US FDA. The FASTER Act: Sesame Is the Ninth Major Food Allergen (mandatory plain-language declaration effective January 1, 2023). https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergies/faster-act-sesame-ninth-major-food-allergen
10. Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 (Annex II allergens, sesame seeds). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1169